To screen key pathogenic genes in septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) by bioinformatics analysis.

The GSE79962 dataset was downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO). The dataset contained genome-wide expression levels of heart gene profiles from patients who had died of sepsis and from healthy donors. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and analyzed using an online GEO2R analysis tool, and the functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was carried out using the DAVID 6.8 database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed using the STRING database, and the CytoHubba software was used to screen the top 10 key genes.

A total of 228 DEGs were identified from the GSE79962 dataset, including 156 up-regulated genes and 72 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of 228 DEGs showed that DEGs mainly involved three GO functional annotations (including two cellular component pathways and a biological process pathway) and three KEGG pathways (including a metabolic pathway, an olfactory transduction, and a neuroendocrine gland). The PPI network screened out 10 key genes, five of which were up-regulated, including nucleolar complex protein 3 homolog (NOC3L), SDA1 domain containing 1 (SDAD1), patched 1 (PTCH1), clathrin heavy chain (CLTC), and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKBKB), and five of which were down-regulated, including WD repeat domains (WDR4, WDR36, and WDR82), transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 1 (TMCO1), and Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9).

NOC3L, SDAD1, PTCH1, CLTC, IKBKB, WDR4, WDR36, WDR82, TMCO1, and TLR9 are key pathogenic genes of SCM, and in-depth study of these genes, especially family of WDR genes, can be conducted to further clarify the occurrence and development mechanism of SCM.

To establish and validate a nomogram model for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM).

Based on the open-source database of medical information mart for intensive care-Ⅲ (MIMIC-Ⅲ), 848 patients meeting the diagnostic criteria of SICM were included. All patients were randomly divided into a training set (605 cases) and a validation set (273 cases) according to a ratio of 7 ∶ 3. The data of basic information, vital signs, comorbidities, laboratory tests, treatment measures and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were extracted. Predictive variables were selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression in the training set and a predictive model for in-hospital mortality of SICM patients was derived using multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the nomogram model, calibration curves to evaluate its accuracy, and decision curve analysis (DCA) to evaluate its clinical practicability.

Multivariate logistic regression was conducted according to the variables screened by LASSO regression, which showed that the age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.024, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.004, 1.046), P = 0.023], red blood cell distribution width (RDW) [OR = 1.164, 95%CI (1.001, 1.349), P = 0.046], respiratory rate (RR) [OR = 1.048, 95%CI (1.007, 1.092), P = 0.023], continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) [OR = 4.472, 95%CI (1.213, 17.612), P = 0.026] and SOFA score [OR = 1.147, 95%CI (1.043, 1.262), P = 0.005] were independent risk factors affecting the in-hospital mortality in SICM patients. ROC curves showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram was 0.745 [95%CI (0.684, 0.806), P < 0.001] in the training set and 0.739 [95%CI (0.654, 0.824), P < 0.001] in the validation set, revealing that the model had moderate discriminative ability in both training and validation sets. The calibration curves of the nomogram basically fitted the ideal curve in the training and validation sets, which indicated that the actual value and predicted value of the model matched well. DCA showed that the threshold ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 in the validation set and from 0.1 to 0.8 in the training set, so the nomogram model had a high net benefit.

This nomogram prediction model based on LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression has moderate discriminative and calibrating ability to predict in-hospital mortality of patients with SICM, and its clinical application can improve the prognosis.

To explore the effect of combined blood purification on the levels of inflammatory cytokines and clinical prognosis in patients with sepsis.

From December 2020 to August 2021, 28 patients with sepsis undergoing blood purification in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were randomly divided into three groups: oXiris group (10 cases), HA380 group (7 cases) and oXiris + HA380 group (11 cases) by random stratification. The oXiris group was treated with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) with the oXiris filter, the HA380 group was treated with CVVHDF blood adsorption by the ST100 filter combined with HA380 hemoperfusion, and the oXiris + HA380 group was treated with CVVHDF blood adsorption by the oXiris filter combined with HA380 hemoperfusion. The inflammatory cytokine indexes of interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) treatment respectively. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) score were recorded at 0, 24 and 48 h after CRRT treatment. At the same time, the survival status was followed up for 28 days.

The levels of PCT (F = 18.507, P < 0.001), HMGB1 (F = 3.831, P = 0.035) and IFN-γ (F = 5.549, P = 0.010) among the three groups at each time point showed significant differences. However, there were no significant differences in IL-6, SOFA and APACHEⅡ scores among the three groups at each time point (F = 0.628, 0.489, 0.960; P = 0.542, 0.621, 0.397). Further pairwise comparison found that the PCT level in the oXiris + HA380 group decreased significantly after 48 h of treatment compared with the beginning of treatment, but it was still higher than that in the HA380 group at the same time (both P < 0.05). The levels of HMGB1 and IFN-γ in the oXiris + HA380 group were much lower than those in the HA380 group after 48 h of treatment (both P < 0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant compared with the oXiris group at the same time (both P > 0.05). After 28 days of follow-up, six patients survived in the oXiris group, four patients survived in the HA380 group, and five patients survived in the oXiris + HA380 group. There was no statistically significant difference in survival among the three groups (χ² = 0.493, P = 0.781).

oXiris combined with HA380 hemoperfusion can remove inflammatory cytokines in the serum of patients with sepsis to a certain extent, but it has no significant effect onprognosis.

To preliminarily clarify the changes of intestinal microecological composition and diversity in patients with sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction.

A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 13 healthy subjects (group A), 12 septic patients without myocardial dysfunction (group B) and 14 patients with sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (group C). Blood and feces samples were collected and echocardiography was performed on the day of enrollment. The cardiac troponin T (cTnT), human heart-type fatty acid binding protein (HFABP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and procalcitonin (PCT) were determined and recorded. The 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing was used to determine the bacterial sequence in the feces, and the composition of microflora among the three groups was compared.

The levels of cTnT, HFABP, NT-proBNP, LVEF and PCT among the three groups all showed significant differences (H = 33.279, 24.748, 28.694, 26.552, 27.032; all P < 0.001). Further pairwise comparison found that compared with the group B, the levels of cTnT, HFABP and NT-proBNP in the group C were much higher, while the LVEF level was much lower (all P < 0.05). Alpha diversity analysis showed that the richness [Chao1 index and abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE)] and diversity (Shannon index and Simpson index) of bacterial flora among the three groups all showed significant differences (H = 13.761, 13.761, 19.189, 15.536; all P < 0.05). The richness and diversity of bacterial flora in groups B and C were much lower than those in the group A, and the diversity of bacterial flora in the group C was lowest (all P < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis showed that the similarities of bacterial flora among the three groups all showed significant differences [0.239 (0.147, 0.332), 0.001 (-0.164, 0.049), -0.212 (-0.315, 0.040); H = 22.599, P = 0.001]. The similarities of bacterial flora in groups B and C were statistically significantly different as compared with the group A (both P < 0.05). At the three levels of class, family and genus, the relative abundance of Clostridia, Bacillus, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiracea, Ruminococcus and Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis among the three groups all showed significant differences (H = 23.918, 22.794, 17.265 16.846, 11.862, 16.846; all P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Clostridia, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiracea, Ruminococcus and Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis in groups B and C was much lower than that in the group A, and the relative abundance of Clostridia, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiracea in the group C was lowest (all P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Bacillus in groups B and C was much higher than that in the group A, and it was highest in the group B (all P < 0.05).

The levels of myocardial injury biomarkers are increased and the diversity of intestinal microbiome is decreased significantly in patients with myocardial dysfunction induced by sepsis, which mainly shows as reduced abundance of Clostridia, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiracea, together with increased abundance of Bacillus.

To explore the pathogenesis and acupuncture treatment effects of neutrophil homing and extracellular trapping net in rats with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group, a model group, an acupuncture group, an acupuncture + CXCR4 inhibitor group, and an acupuncture + neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) inhibitor group, with six rats in each group. Rats in the control group were only exposed to the trachea and kept spontaneous breathing. In the model group, the trachea was exposed and Klebsiella pneumoniae was injected into the trachea after anesthesia. After 72 hours, the rats were intubated and connected with a small animal ventilator. High tidal volume ventilation was performed 2-3 times every 30 minutes for five hours daily for two days. Rats in the acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture after 30 minutes of successful modeling. Rats in the acupuncture + CXCR4 inhibitor group were intraperitoneally injected with CXCR4 inhibitor at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg based on body weight half an hour before bacterial injection on the first day. Rats in the acupuncture + NETs inhibitor group received intrathecal injection of NETs inhibitor at a dose of 0.8 μM/290-340 g based on body weight in 0.5-1.0 h before mechanical ventilation. Flow cytometry was used to detect the neutrophil trends in lung tissue, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to observe the lung tissue pathology, and immunohistochemical staining to observe the citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression levels.

The expression level of CD11b + CD62L in the control group, model group, acupuncture group and acupuncture + CXCR4 inhibitor group was significantly different (F = 25.150, P < 0.001). Further pairwise comparison showed that the expression level of CD62L + CD11b in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression level of CD62L + CD11b in the acupuncture + CXCR4 inhibitor group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). HE staining showed that there was no obvious congestion, hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissue of rats in the control group. Rats in the model group had obvious edema, hyperemia, and hemorrhage, with a large number of infiltrating inflammatory cells. The congestion and edema of alveoli and airway mucosa were reduced, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was decreased in the acupuncture group. The congestion and edema of alveoli and airway mucosa and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly reduced in the acupuncture + NETs inhibitor group. The lung injury score and the expression levels of Cit-H3 and MPO in the control group, model group, acupuncture group and acupuncture + NETs inhibitor group were compared, and their differences were statistically significant (F = 51.723, 227.370, 570.097; all P < 0.001). Further pairwise comparison showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of Cit-H3 and MPO in the model group were significantly increased, and the inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue was more severe (all P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression levels of Cit-H3 and MPO in the acupuncture group and acupuncture + NETs inhibitor group were significantly decreased, and the inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue was significantly reduced, especially in the acupuncture + NETs inhibitor group (all P < 0.05).

There are neutrophil homing and excessive formation of NETs in rats with VAP. Acupuncture has no obvious inhibitory effect on neutrophil homing, but it can inhibit the excessive formation of NETs by regulating the expression of Cit-H3 and MPO, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. At the same time, acupuncture combined with CXCR4 inhibitor can significantly improve the homing of neutrophils, and their combination of NETs inhibitor has a more significant regulatory effect on NETs and a stronger improvement effect on the inflammatory response of lung tissue.

To determine the prevalence and prognosis of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in the ICU, and to analyze the risk factors of CAPA, to provide a basis for early diagnosis and timely treatment.

A total of 74 patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from December 2022 to January 2023 were selected. According to the diagnostic criteria, patients were divided into a CAPA group (n = 22) and a non-CAPA group (n = 52). Then the basic information, onset symptoms, laboratory examinations and imaging characteristics of patients in the two groups were compared, and the disease severity and prognostic indicators were analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of CAPA.

Among the 22 CAPA patients, one was confirmed and 21 were clinically suspected. The diagnostic time of CAPA was mostly (8 ± 5) d after admission. The lymphocyte count [(0.33 ± 0.25) × 10⁹/L vs. (0.58 ± 0.55) × 10⁹/L, t = 4.233, P = 0.019], C-reactive protein [(95 ± 80) mg/L vs. (63 ± 45) mg/L, t = 8.940, P = 0.012], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [225 (14, 15 432) ng/L vs. 52 (5, 2 245) ng/L, Z = 4.949, P = 0.024], human leukocyte DR antigen (HLA-DR) [(31 ± 24)% vs. (42 ± 27)%, t = 4.553, P = 0.042], duration of hormone therapy ≥ 7 d (13/22 vs. 16/52, χ² = 5.200, P = 0.023), tocilizumab treatment (4/22 vs. 1/52, χ² = 4.157, P = 0.041) and poor prognosis (16/22 vs. 24/52, χ² = 4.401, P = 0.036) in the CAPA and non-CAPA groups showed statistically significant differences. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the lymphocytes at admission < 0.35 × 10⁹/L [odds ratio (OR) = 1.970, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.044, 3.675), P = 0.038], C-reactive protein > 63.5 mg/L [OR = 3.441, 95%CI (1.609, 7.324), P = 0.006] and duration of hormone therapy ≥ 7 d [OR = 4.276, 95%CI (2.043, 8.433), P = 0.012] were risk factors for the occurrence of CAPA.

More than a quarter of critically ill COVID-19 patients are associated with CAPA, which leads to poor clinical outcomes. The low lymphocyte count, severe inflammatory response and long-term use of glucocorticoid may induce the occurrence of CAPA. Early screening and treatment for high-risk groups are needed to improve the prognosis.

探讨临床成人住院肠外营养患者的胰岛素添加管理方案，提供最佳意见。

计算机检索BMJ Best Practice、UptoDate、Cochrane Library、加拿大安大略注册护士协会、美国国立指南库、加拿大医学会临床实践指南、英国国家健康和保健医学研究所、PubMed、Embase、EBSCO、Scopus、医脉通指南网、万方医学、中国知网、维普数据库中关于肠外营养液中胰岛素添加的系统评价、指南、专家共识、证据总结、决策意见、随机对照试验。检索时限为建库至2023年10月31日。由2名研究人员独立文献筛选和质量评价，并进行证据汇总及分级。

纳入12篇文献，包括1篇临床决策、2篇指南、5篇共识、3篇系统评价、1篇证据总结，形成胰岛素添加前提条件、胰岛素添加方式、胰岛素剂量要求、血糖监测、肠外营养中断处理以及低血糖预防6个方面30条最佳证据。

该研究为住院患者肠外营养液中胰岛素添加方案提供依据，医务人员可结合临床环境个性化应用证据，保障住院患者安全。

To retrospectively analyze the risk factors for mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), construct a prognostic analysis model, and further provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SAP.

A total of 88 SAP patients who received treatment at the Department of Intensive Care Unit of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University from September 2017 to September 2022 were selected as the study subjects. Based on their survival status at one month after discharge, they were divided into a survival group (51 cases) and a death group (37 cases). The clinical data of patients in the two groups were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors of SAP mortality and construct a SAP risk assessment model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve.

There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, blood amylase, blood lipase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), early enteral nutrition, liquid negative balance therapy, treatment with sivelestat sodium, total hospital stay, ICU stay, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, modified CT score and modified Marshall score (all P < 0.05). Further multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that liquid negative balance therapy [odds ratio (OR) = 0.045, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.003, 0.722), P = 0.029] was a protective factor for mortality in SAP patients, while modified CT scores [OR = 2.393, 95%CI (1.021, 5.609), P = 0.045] and modified Marshall scores [OR = 2.992, 95%CI (1.105, 9.194), P = 0.014] were risk factors. The prediction accuracy of the regression model was 94.4% for survival and 90.3% for death, and the overall prediction accuracy was 92.5%. The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.978, with a 95%CI of 0.949-1.000 (P < 0.001).

The modified CT score and modified Marshall score are risk factors for mortality in SAP patients. Negative balance of fluid plan is a protective factor for SAP, which can reduce the mortality rate. The constructed SAP prognostic model can effectively conduct risk assessment.

To investigate the effect of sequential sedation mode of dexmedetomidine on prognosis and delirium in mechanically ventilated patients with moderate and deep sedation requirements in the ICU.

A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted after screening experiments to divide 74 mechanically ventilated patients with moderate and deep sedation requirements in the ICU of the Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University from January 2021 to December 2022 into a sequential sedation group (38 cases) and a conventional sedation group (36 cases). The duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, total length of hospital stay, 28 d mortality, incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and adverse reactions (patients with unplanned extubation, re-intubation, and bradycardia), duration of sedation, dose of sedative drugs, and incidence of delirium were compared between these two groups. Serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) were measured at ICU admission, on the day of diagnosis of delirium, and 48 h after diagnosis of delirium in both groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELLSA). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of serum concentrations of BDNF, NSE, and S100B on admission to the ICU for delirium occurrence.

The mechanical ventilation time [(6 ± 3) d vs. (8 ± 4) d, t = 2.555, P = 0.013], length of ICU stay [(12 ± 4) d vs. (17 ± 8) d, t = 3.371, P = 0.001], total length of stay [(23 ± 5) d vs. (31 ± 7) d, t = 5.680, P < 0.001], incidence of delirium [34.2% (13/38) vs. 58.3% (21/36), χ² = 4.331, P = 0.037], dosage of sedative midazolam [(2.7 ± 1.7) mg/kg vs. (4.3 ± 2.3) mg/kg, t = 3.416, P = 0.001], and duration of sedation [(7.3 ± 2.4) d vs. (9.7 ± 3.1) d, t = 3.735, P < 0.001] in the sequential sedation group were lower than those in the conventional sedation group. There were no significant differences in the 28 d mortality, incidence of VAP, patients with accidental extubation, re-intubation and bradycardia, and dosage of analgesic fentanyl between these two groups (all P > 0.05). The concentrations of BDNF [(0.37 ± 0.12) vs. (0.56 ± 0.27), t = 2.385, P = 0.023], NSE [(0.078 ± 0.020) vs. (0.234 ± 0.079), t = 6.598, P < 0.001], and S100B [(0.28 ± 0.16) vs. (0.47 ± 0.24), t = 2.521, P = 0.017] were significantly lower in the sequential sedation group than in the conventional sedation group 48 h after diagnosis of delirium. ROC curve analysis showed that BDNF at ICU admission predicted the onset of delirium in mechanically ventilated patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.744 [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.627, 0.861), P < 0.001], together with the AUC of 0.711 [95%CI (0.593, 0.830), P = 0.002] for NSE and 0.727 [95%CI (0.609, 0.845), P = 0.001] for S100B.

Sequential sedation with dexmedetomidine can reduce the occurrence of delirium, and shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions for mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Serum levels of BDNF, NSE, and S100B at ICU admission can predict the occurrence of delirium.

To explore the protective effect and mechanism of sodium butyrate on cardio-brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs.

A total of 24 large white healthy male pigs were divided into a sham operation group (n = 6), a cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (n = 10) and a sodium butyrate group (n = 8) by a random number method. In the sham operation group, only tracheal intubation and arteriovenous catheterization were performed, and induced ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were not performed. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation models were prepared by electrical stimulation for 9 min and cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 6 min. At 5 min after successful resuscitation, the sodium butyrate group was injected 75 mg/kg of sodium butyrate through the femoral vein for 1 h. Sham operation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation groups were given the same amount of isotonic NaCl solution by the same method. Serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before cardiac arrest and at 1, 2, 4, and 24 h after resuscitation. At 24 h after resuscitation, the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and ubiquitin-binding protein 62 (p62) in the cardiac muscle and cerebral cortex tissue were detected by western-blotting, and the apoptosis rate was detected by the TUNEL method.

In the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group, nine pigs were successfully resuscitated, seven of which survived to 24 h. In the sodium butyrate group, seven pigs were resuscitated successfully, and all survived to 24 h. There was no significant difference in the success of 24-h resuscitation among the three groups (χ² = 3.381, P = 0.184). At 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after resuscitation, serum cTnI (F = 62.736, 201.265, 330.083, 643.538; all P < 0.001), CK-MB (F = 90.380, 181.548, 669.657, 707.485; all P < 0.001), NSE (F = 92.302, 125.730, 590.627, 1 130.372; all P < 0.001) and S100B (F = 42.831, 152.004, 295.517, 1 023.409; all P < 0.001) were observed and compared in the three groups, and the differences were statistically significant. Compared with the sham operation group, the cTnI, CK-MB, NSE and S100B levels in serum were significantly increased at 2, 4 and 24 h after resuscitation in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group and sodium butyrate group, which were highest in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group (all P < 0.05). At 24 h after resuscitation, the levels of autophagy markers LC3 (F = 81.671, 49.204; both P < 0.001) and p62 (F = 127.620, 65.594; both P < 0.001) and the apoptosis rate (F = 116.750, 249.105; both P < 0.001) in cardiomyocytes and cerebral cortex cells were observed and compared in the three groups, and the differences were statistically significant. Compared with the sham operation group, the LC3 expression and apoptosis index were increased, and the p62 expression was decreased in myocardium and cerebral cortex of pigs in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group and sodium butyrate group at 24 h after resuscitation (all P < 0.05). However, compared with the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group, the LC3 expression and apoptosis index were decreased, and the p62 expression was increased in the myocardium and cerebral cortex in the sodium butyrate group at 24 h after resuscitation (all P < 0.05).

Sodium butyrate has a protective effect on cardio-brain injury after resuscitation of cardiac arrest, and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis.