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中华危重症医学杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (03) : 215 -223. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6880.2026.03.004

论著

基于群组轨迹模型分析脓毒症患者乳酸脱氢酶变化轨迹与28 d死亡风险的相关性研究
韦宇1,2, 王菁3, 冷俊岭1, 张晓洁3, 李佳琪1,2, 王梓璇3, 尹烨4, 王玉荣4, 夏乐4,()   
  1. 1225000 江苏扬州,扬州大学附属医院急诊科
    4225000 江苏扬州,扬州大学附属医院急诊重症监护室(EICU)
    2225000 江苏扬州,扬州大学医学院第一临床医学院
    3225000 江苏扬州,扬州大学医学院护理学院
  • 收稿日期:2026-04-02 出版日期:2026-06-30
  • 通信作者: 夏乐

Association between lactate dehydrogenase change trajectories and 28-day mortality risk in septic patients based on group-based trajectory modeling

Yu Wei1,2, Jing Wang3, Junling Leng1, Xiaojie Zhang3, Jiaqi Li1,2, Zixuan Wang3, Ye Yin4, Yurong Wang4, Le Xia4,()   

  1. 1Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
    4Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit (EICU), Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
    2First Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Yangzhou 225000, China
    3School of Nursing, Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Yangzhou 225000, China
  • Received:2026-04-02 Published:2026-06-30
  • Corresponding author: Le Xia
引用本文:

韦宇, 王菁, 冷俊岭, 张晓洁, 李佳琪, 王梓璇, 尹烨, 王玉荣, 夏乐. 基于群组轨迹模型分析脓毒症患者乳酸脱氢酶变化轨迹与28 d死亡风险的相关性研究[J/OL]. 中华危重症医学杂志(电子版), 2026, 19(03): 215-223.

Yu Wei, Jing Wang, Junling Leng, Xiaojie Zhang, Jiaqi Li, Zixuan Wang, Ye Yin, Yurong Wang, Le Xia. Association between lactate dehydrogenase change trajectories and 28-day mortality risk in septic patients based on group-based trajectory modeling[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2026, 19(03): 215-223.

目的

探讨基于群组轨迹模型(GBTM)的脓毒症患者乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)变化轨迹与28 d死亡风险。

方法

收集美国重症监护医学信息数据库Ⅳ(MIMIC-Ⅳ)中857例成人脓毒症患者的数据。采用GBTM构建LDH变化轨迹并分组,对各组的基线特征进行比较。采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线比较各轨迹组28 d累积生存率,并应用多因素Cox比例风险回归分析评价不同LDH轨迹对脓毒症患者28 d病死率的影响。

结果

通过GBTM识别出4条LDH轨迹:低水平稳定组(轨迹1,166例)、高水平快速下降组(轨迹2,145例)、低水平缓慢下降组(轨迹3,286例)和中水平缓慢下降组(轨迹4,260例)。各组患者心率、呼吸频率、舒张压、简化急性生理学评分Ⅱ(SAPSⅡ)、序贯器官衰竭评估(SOFA)评分、红细胞、红细胞分布宽度、红细胞压积、血红蛋白、白细胞、肌酐、尿素氮、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、胆红素、乳酸、国际标准化比值(INR)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)、心力衰竭、急性肾损伤、高血压、呼吸衰竭、28 d生存时间及28 d病死率的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,4组患者的28 d累积生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 15.595,P = 0.001),且轨迹2的累积生存率最低。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析显示,在校正混杂变量后,轨迹2[风险比(HR)= 2.000,95%置信区间(CI)(1.205,3.320),P = 0.017]和轨迹4[HR = 1.978,95%CI(1.251,3.128),P = 0.011]的死亡风险均显著高于轨迹1。

结论

特定LDH轨迹(高水平快速下降、中水平缓慢下降)是脓毒症患者28 d死亡的独立预测因素(以LDH低水平稳定轨迹为参照),LDH纵向轨迹有助于识别高危脓毒症患者,为预后评估及临床管理提供参考。

Objective

To explore the trajectory of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) changes and the 28-day mortality risk in patients with sepsis based on the group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM).

Methods

Data of 857 adult patients with sepsis in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-Ⅳ were collected. The change trajectories of LDH were constructed and grouped based on GBTM, and the baseline characteristics of each group were compared. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare the 28-day cumulative survival rate of each trajectory group, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effects of different LDH trajectories on the 28-day mortality rate of patients with sepsis.

Results

Four LDH trajectories were identified through GBTM: a low-level stable group (trajectory 1, 166 cases), a high-level rapid decline group (trajectory 2, 145 cases), a low-level slow decline group (trajectory 3, 286 cases), and a medium-level slow decline group (trajectory 4, 260 cases). Patients in each group were evaluated in terms of heart rate, respiratory rate, diastolic blood pressure, simplified acute physiology score Ⅱ, sequential organ failure assessment score, red blood cells, red blood cell distribution width, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cells, creatinine, urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, lactic acid, international normalized ratio, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, continues renal replacement treatment, heart failure, acute kidney injury, hypertension, respiratory failure, 28-day survival time, and 28-day mortality rate; all above indicators showed statistically significant differences among the four groups (all P < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the 28-day cumulative survival rate among the four groups (χ2 = 15.595, P = 0.001), and the cumulative survival rate of trajectory 2 was the lowest. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that after adjusting confounding variables, the mortality risk in the trajectory 2 [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.000, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.205, 3.320), P = 0.017] and trajectory 4 [HR = 1.978, 95%CI (1.251, 3.128), P = 0.011] was much higher than that in the trajectory 1.

Conclusions

Specific LDH trajectories (rapid decline at high levels and slow decline at medium levels) are independent predictive factors for 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis (using a low-level stable LDH trajectory as a reference). Longitudinal LDH trajectories are helpful for identifying high-risk patients with sepsis and provide references for prognosis assessment and clinical management.

图1 基于GBTM的LDH纵向轨迹图注:GBTM.群组轨迹模型;LDH.乳酸脱氢酶;轨迹1为低水平稳定组,轨迹2为高水平快速下降组,轨迹3为低水平缓慢下降组,轨迹4为中水平缓慢下降组
表1 根据LDH轨迹分组的脓毒症患者基线特征比较
指标 轨迹1(n = 166) 轨迹2(n = 145) 轨迹3(n = 286) 轨迹4(n = 260) H/χ2/F P
年龄[岁,MP25P75)] 63(50,72) 59(48,69) 62(52,71) 61(49,71) 3.964 0.265
男/女(例) 91/75 88/57 150/136 162/98 6.515 0.089
体质量指数(kg/m2 ± s 29 ± 8 30 ± 8 30 ± 8 30 ± 9 0.833 0.476
体温(℃, ± s 37.6 ± 0.9 37.6 ± 1.0 37.7 ± 0.9 37.8 ± 1.0 1.088 0.353
心率(次/min, ± s 110 ± 22 118 ± 23a 113 ± 23 114 ± 21 3.969 0.008
呼吸频率(次/min, ± s 30 ± 7 31 ± 7 30 ± 7 32 ± 8ac 5.436 0.001
收缩压[mmHg,MP25P75)] 138(127,154) 143(130,164) 140(126,156) 145(129,161) 6.662 0.083
舒张压[mmHg,MP25P75)] 82(74,98) 91(77,102) 86(77,99) 90(79,100) 9.054 0.029
SAPSⅡ评分[分,MP25P75)] 44(36,55) 50(38,63)a 42(32,53)b 46(36,59)c 22.490 <0.001
SOFA评分[分,MP25P75)] 8(5,11) 9(6,13)a 8(5,10)b 9(5,12) 15.864 0.001
红细胞(× 1012/L, ± s 3.8 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 0.8a 4.1 ± 0.9a 4.1 ± 0.9a 8.172 <0.001
RDW[%,MP25P75)] 17.6(15.1,20.8) 16.0(14.4,18.5)a 16.4(14.3,19.2)a 16.5(14.6,19.8) 13.295 0.004
红细胞压积(%, ± s 31 ± 6 35 ± 8a 34 ± 7a 34 ± 8a 11.347 <0.001
血红蛋白(g/L, ± s 101 ± 21 116 ± 25a 110 ± 24a 111 ± 25a 11.010 <0.001
白细胞[× 109/L,MP25P75)] 13.4(7.6,19.2) 16.1(11.0,26.0) 13.2(8.0,19.3) 16.6(11.0,26.2)ac 35.370 <0.001
血小板[× 109/L,MP25P75)] 150(87,238) 158(91,272) 166(98,246) 156(86,230) 1.687 0.640
肌酐[μmol/L,MP25P75)] 119(80,248) 194(115,300) 115(80,194)b 141(97,239) 39.595 <0.001
尿素氮[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 10.7(6.4,17.8) 12.8(9.6,19.6) 9.6(6.1,15.4)b 11.4(7.1,17.2) 24.953 <0.001
白蛋白(g/L, ± s 30 ± 7 31 ± 8 29 ± 7 31 ± 7 2.509 0.058
ALT[IU/L,MP25P75)] 32(17,57) 642(85,2 964)a 40(23,81)b 72(34,220)b 199.432 <0.001
AST[IU/L,MP25P75)] 49(28,90) 1 669(209,5 725)a 72(40,128)b 160(72,442)b 270.142 <0.001
胆红素[μmol/L,MP25P75)] 32.5(13.7,85.5) 27.4(12.0,56.4) 18.8(8.6,44.5) 22.2(12.0,51.7) 12.017 0.007
乳酸[mmol/L,MP25P75)] 2.3(1.5,5.0) 4.4(2.2,7.1)a 2.3(1.6,4.2)b 3.0(1.8,7.4)ac 46.074 <0.001
INR[MP25P75)] 1.6(1.3,2.0) 1.9(1.4,2.9)a 1.4(1.2,1.9)b 1.6(1.3,2.1) 31.929 <0.001
PT[s,MP25P75)] 16.8(14.7,21.6) 20.6(15.5,31.4)a 15.8(13.8,20.3)b 17.6(14.5,22.9) 31.535 <0.001
APTT[s,MP25P75)] 35.8(30.3,49.0) 42.8(31.6,72.9)a 36.4(30.4,57.3)b 41.7(31.2,81.2)ac 16.266 0.001
CRRT(例) 21 62a 49b 75abc 50.207 <0.001
血管活性药物(例) 83 88 161 141 3.819 0.282
心力衰竭(例) 37 56a 83 101a 16.752 <0.001
急性肾损伤(例) 129 132a 242 225 11.540 0.009
高血压(例) 84 54 116 98a 8.367 0.039
糖尿病(例) 47 42 79 87 2.540 0.468
呼吸衰竭(例) 77 99a 161 159a 16.862 <0.001
28 d生存时间(d, ± s 26 ± 5 23 ± 8a 25 ± 6b 24 ± 7a 5.962 <0.001
28 d死亡例数(例) 26 46a 63 77a 15.595 0.001
图2 各LDH轨迹脓毒症患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析注:LDH.乳酸脱氢酶;轨迹1为低水平稳定组,轨迹2为高水平快速下降组,轨迹3为低水平缓慢下降组,轨迹4为中水平缓慢下降组
表2 不同LDH轨迹预测脓毒症患者的28 d死亡的多因素Cox比例风险回归分析
表3 不同LDH轨迹与脓毒症患者28 d全因病死率关系的亚组分析
因素 组别 HR值(95%CI P P交互 因素 组别 HR值(95%CI P P交互
性别       0.900 轨迹1 1.000    
男性 轨迹1 1.000       轨迹2 2.003(0.887 ~ 4.523) 0.095  
  轨迹2 2.019(1.126 ~ 3.623) 0.018     轨迹3 1.150(0.507 ~ 2.611) 0.738  
  轨迹3 1.318(0.752 ~ 2.310) 0.334     轨迹4 1.939(0.903 ~ 4.164) 0.089  
  轨迹4 1.803(1.056 ~ 3.077) 0.031   急性肾损伤       0.177
女性 轨迹1 1.000     轨迹1 1.000    
  轨迹2 2.857(1.223 ~ 6.677) 0.015     轨迹2 1.641(0.412 ~ 6.544) 0.487  
  轨迹3 1.814(0.818 ~ 4.022) 0.143     轨迹3 0.417(0.104 ~ 1.666) 0.216  
  轨迹4 2.504(1.125 ~ 5.574) 0.025     轨迹4 0.699(0.197 ~ 2.476) 0.578  
年龄       0.185 轨迹1 1.000    
≥ 65岁 轨迹1 1.000       轨迹2 2.386(1.404 ~ 4.056) 0.001  
  轨迹2 1.821(0.889 ~ 3.731) 0.102     轨迹3 1.681(1.013 ~ 2.788) 0.044  
  轨迹3 1.286(0.680 ~ 2.435) 0.439     轨迹4 2.323(1.416 ~ 3.810) 0.001  
  轨迹4 2.444(1.337 ~ 4.467) 0.004   高血压       0.941
<65岁 轨迹1 1.000     轨迹1 1.000    
  轨迹2 2.859(1.463 ~ 5.584) 0.002     轨迹2 2.265(1.205 ~ 4.257) 0.011  
  轨迹3 1.676(0.868 ~ 3.237) 0.124     轨迹3 1.380(0.749 ~ 2.541) 0.302  
  轨迹4 1.807(0.936 ~ 3.490) 0.078     轨迹4 1.874(1.033 ~ 3.399) 0.039  
连续性肾脏替代治疗     0.344 轨迹1 1.000    
轨迹1 1.000       轨迹2 2.195(1.027 ~ 4.690) 0.042  
  轨迹2 2.268(1.263 ~ 4.074) 0.006     轨迹3 1.523(0.762 ~ 3.046) 0.234  
  轨迹3 1.287(0.764 ~ 2.168) 0.343     轨迹4 2.279(1.163 ~ 4.467) 0.016  
  轨迹4 1.755(1.046 ~ 2.947) 0.033   糖尿病       0.764
轨迹1 1.000     轨迹1 1.000    
  轨迹2 1.636(0.619 ~ 4.320) 0.321     轨迹2 2.423(1.364 ~ 4.303) 0.003  
  轨迹3 1.870(0.702 ~ 4.984) 0.211     轨迹3 1.624(0.945 ~ 2.791) 0.079  
  轨迹4 2.136(0.832 ~ 5.484) 0.115     轨迹4 2.048(1.193 ~ 3.515) 0.009  
血管活性药物       0.893 轨迹1 1.000    
轨迹1 1.000       轨迹2 2.046(0.848 ~ 4.936) 0.111  
  轨迹2 1.696(0.748 ~ 3.843) 0.206     轨迹3 1.109(0.470 ~ 2.617) 0.813  
  轨迹3 1.228(0.589 ~ 2.564) 0.584     轨迹4 2.051(0.935 ~ 4.500) 0.073  
  轨迹4 1.790(0.888 ~ 3.608) 0.104   呼吸衰竭       0.713
轨迹1 1.000     轨迹1 1.000    
  轨迹2 2.520(1.372 ~ 4.627) 0.003     轨迹2 3.034(1.155 ~ 7.972) 0.024  
  轨迹3 1.558(0.865 ~ 2.804) 0.139     轨迹3 1.764(0.732 ~ 4.254) 0.206  
  轨迹4 2.222(1.248 ~ 3.957) 0.007     轨迹4 2.694(1.139 ~ 6.371) 0.024  
心力衰竭       0.798 轨迹1 1.000    
轨迹1 1.000       轨迹2 1.671(0.958 ~ 2.913) 0.070  
  轨迹2 2.250(1.227 ~ 4.124) 0.009     轨迹3 1.212(0.710 ~ 2.068) 0.482  
  轨迹3 1.581(0.912 ~ 2.743) 0.103     轨迹4 1.583(0.942 ~ 2.660) 0.083  
  轨迹4 1.900(1.090 ~ 3.312) 0.024            
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